Soils in different regions differ based on the local climate, topography of the land, and native organisms. Therefore, the answer is D. All of the above. This is because soil is influenced by relief, the different landscapes on the land, organisms, and the parent material.
Permafrost soil is B. Fragile. It is a very fragile system that is easily damaged, especially when exposed to heat.
Athens and Sparta were Greek city-states