Expected value is a. (Probability of state A+Value in state A) (Probability of state

(C). (Probability of state A*Value in state A)+(Probability of state B*Value in state B)

Step-by-step explanation:

The expected value of a probability distribution, E(X) is defined as:

Given Outcome A and B, the Expected Value  therefore is:

Expected Value = (Probability of state A*Value in state A)+(Probability of state B*Value in state B)

t > 8

Step-by-step explanation:

Given that :

Initial volume = 16 litres

Addition rate = 4 litres per minute

Target volume > 48 litres

Let number of minute for which water is added to achieve these = t

Mathematically,

Initial volume + (addition rate * t) > target volume

16 + 4t > 48

Collect like terms

4t > 48 - 16

4t > 32

Divide both sides by 4

4t/4 > 32/4

t > 8

Laura will need add water at 4 Litre per minute rate for more than 8 minutes